The annual State of Logistics report is just out again with much fanfare from a new lead author and CSCMP, with the headline news that overall relative US logistics costs were modestly down in again in 2015, to 7.85% of GDP, roughly on par with 7.91% in 2014.
Perhaps more importantly, a revision to the data has in fact taken that metric down noticeably from the numbers in previous years. In last year's report, for example, logistics costs were said to be 8.4% of GDP, versus the 7.91% estimated in this year's version.
Gilmore Says....
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| Trucking, for example, is still gaining in share of spend versus rail, while truckload and parcel are gaining share versus LTL. |
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I can't find the details as to how and why the data was revised, but the good news is that the report went back and redid the numbers for the last 10 years. While the numbers are now lower by roughly half a percentage point each year than they had been calculated previously - meaning logistics costs are a lower burden on the US economy than previously thought, all told a good thing - the changes in percentage terms year-over-year seem about the same even at the new lower absolute levels, so the big picture of the trends seems mostly unaffected.
The peak year in the past decade - as it was under the previous calculation - was 2007, when logistics costs hit 8.59% of GDP.
I will note in passing that in many years some media commentators have opined that dropping logistics costs as a share of GDP is a bad thing, which of course is nonsense unless you are a carrier or perhaps a 3PL. Countries with immature logistics systems have a much higher share of GDP devoted to logistics than does the US.
All this as consulting firm AT Kearney took over authorship of the report after a competitive bidding process by CSCMP earlier this year.
This represents the 27th edition of the report, which was launched in 1988 by the late Bob Delaney and sponsored by his company, Cass Information Systems. Somewhere along the way, CSCMP took over the sponsorship, and in the late 1990s Rosalyn Wilson, who has a long career in the logistics industry, began to support Delaney in his efforts. Upon Delaney's passing a few years later, Wilson took on the challenge alone, largely keeping the existing methodology, heading the report until Kearney took on the job for 2016.
Again this year, Penske Logistics funded the report development, and the results were as usual released at a major media event at the National Press Club in Washington DC on Tuesday.
I have not had time to study the report deeply. My reaction after a full read through one time is that (a) this is a much more modern looking and better formatted document; (b) in the end it largely plows the same ground as previous reports, with more polish; and (c) there are a few new wrinkles (e.g., more general commentary beyond the numbers) that I would like to see more of in future years.
In the executive summary, the report notes that US business logistics costs (for which we now get the new acronym USBLC), grew by an average of 4.6% annually between 2010 and 2014, fueled mainly by 5.5% annual growth in transportation costs. Keep in mind the report deals exclusively with nominal costs, not so called "real" changes that are adjusted for inflation.
So, simple to say, harder to calculate, you take the number for US logistics costs and divide it by annual nominal GDP numbers and voila, logistics costs as a percent of GDP emerges. The methodology must use nominal GDP as the denominator because the costs for the year are compiled in nominal terms.
The growth in USBLC, however, slowed to just 2.6% in 2015, with transportation costs - the largest single component of USBLC - up by only 1.4% in 2015.That transport cost decline was caused by a combination of lower oil prices (down some 30% over the year), which decreased fuel surcharge expenses sharply across all modes, and softness in freight volumes across all modes except parcel.
The total cost of US logistics was estimated at $1.408 trillion for 2015, up $30 billion or so in 2014 under the new calculation. A lot of elements go into that number, from warehouses to trucking to pipelines, but the three main categories are inventory carrying costs, including the costs of warehousing (30.3% of the total logistics spend in 2015), transportation costs (63.2%), and administrative costs, mostly related to spend on freight forwarders and logistics IT spend not otherwise captured in the other two categories (just 6.4% of the total).
Within transportation, trucking-related spend (including private fleets but excluding parcel) comprise 65.4% of total transport costs and 41.3% of total logistics spend. Parcel was broken out for the first time this year as a separate cost category, estimated at $82.2 billion in total, or 9.2% of transport costs and 5.8% of total logistics.
At $80.7 billion in 2015, rail comprises 9% of transportation spend and 5.7% of the total logistics costs.
One thing I cannot find in this year's report that I liked in the past was a breakdown between “local” versus “intercity” transport costs - not sure if it is just gone or buried somewhere I haven't found yet.
In terms of growth in spending by these various categories, the 5-year average annual growth rate in costs by mode or cost category is as follows, according to the report:
Truckload: 7.1%
LTL: 3.8%
Private/dedicated fleet: 5.8%
Trucking combined: 5.9%
Parcel: 6.7%
Intermodal: 2.1%
Rail total: 3.8%
Air freight: 4.6%
Inventory carrying/warehouse costs: 2.6%
I cannot find the specific number in the report, but because logistics costs as a percent of GDP over the past five years has basically been flat, and five-year growth of USBLC has averaged 4.6%, nominal GDP must have been rising at right around that same level. So, you can compare the growth in each cost type versus 4.6% GDP growth to see what modes/categories are gaining share and which are not.
Trucking, for example, is still gaining in share of spend versus rail, while truckload and parcel are gaining share versus LTL. I am very surprised intermodal costs have been averaging less than GDP or overall logistics spend growth. Inventory carrying costs are falling, primarily as the result of lower interest rates (though those rates were up a bit in 2015) even as total inventory levels have been rising until flatlining in 2015, and warehousing costs are about flat with GDP growth at 4.7% over the last five years.
The report has a lot more detail on each mode and cost bucket, as well as the overall economic and logistics environment, which I don't have room for here.
The 2016 report did add a new commentary type section at the end, which discussed the looming impact of new generation technologies such as robotics, drones, Uber-like services, autonomous vehicles and more, and noted that the adoption of these technologies - and therefore logistics progress - will be tremendously impacted by the larger governmental and regulatory environment.
It lays out four scenarios, from one it calls "Cruisin' Down the Highway," in which the market rules and regulations are light, to "Dead End Street" at the other end of the spectrum, in which regulators strongly impede progress, with two other more moderate scenarios in-between.
What will it be? I am guessing one of the two middle versions, honestly, based on what we are seeing already (e.g., this week's new and very limited rules on air drones for deliveries from the FAA). The wild card would be if some other nations (e.g., India) take a more open approach and make great progress, perhaps forcing the hands of more heavy-handed countries.
So, some different, some much the same in the new State of Logistics Report, though I would say a change for the better for sure. I would like to see a bit more commentary on what the data as a whole is telling us, beyond all the detail for individual cost buckets, as just one comment, but I am sure we will see improvements over time after this solid inaugural edition under AT Kearney's stewardship.
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